Double Insulation

Double Insulation

An electrical appliance which is double insulated does not have an earth wire fitted. The appliance is designed in such a way that the electrical parts can never come into contact with the outer casing of the device. Common double insulated appliances are hair dryers, radios and cassette players.

A wet double insulated appliance is exceptionally dangerous - water is a good conductor of electricity and will easily reach the live electrical components within the case. Any human user touching the casing will then receive an electric shock. It is important to note that the human conductivity is increased when hands are wet, allowing a greater current to flow through the casualty.

For this reason, do not operate a mains radio, hairdryer or double insulated appliance in any wet area - especially a bathroom

Do not touch any person who has been electrocuted until you are sure that the electricity supply has been shut off.

Taken from:http://www.users.zetnet.co.uk/computing/MainPage/SecDepts/Physics/Resources/Glossary/DoubleIns.html

Calculating electric power

In the above circuit, we know we have a battery voltage of 18 volts and a lamp resistance of 3 Ω. Using Ohm's Law to determine current, we get:

Now that we know the current, we can take that value and multiply it by the voltage to determine power:

Answer: the lamp is dissipating (releasing) 108 watts of power, most likely in the form of both light and heat.

Let's try taking that same circuit and increasing the battery voltage to see what happens. Intuition should tell us that the circuit current will increase as the voltage increases and the lamp resistance stays the same. Likewise, the power will increase as well:

Now, the battery voltage is 36 volts instead of 18 volts. The lamp is still providing 3 Ω of electrical resistance to the flow of electrons. The current is now:

This stands to reason: if I = E/R, and we double E while R stays the same, the current should double. Indeed, it has: we now have 12 amps of current instead of 6. Now, what about power?

Notice that the power has increased just as we might have suspected, but it increased quite a bit more than the current. Why is this? Because power is a function of voltage multiplied by current, and bothvoltage and current doubled from their previous values, the power will increase by a factor of 2 x 2, or 4. You can check this by dividing 432 watts by 108 watts and seeing that the ratio between them is indeed 4.

Using algebra again to manipulate the formulae, we can take our original power formula and modify it for applications where we don't know both voltage and current:

If we only know voltage (E) and resistance (R):

If we only know current (I) and resistance (R):

An historical note: it was James Prescott Joule, not Georg Simon Ohm, who first discovered the mathematical relationship between power dissipation and current through a resistance. This discovery, published in 1841, followed the form of the last equation (P = I²R), and is properly known as Joule's Law. However, these power equations are so commonly associated with the Ohm's Law equations relating voltage, current, and resistance (E=IR ; I=E/R ; and R=E/I) that they are frequently credited to Ohm.

• REVIEW:
• Power measured in watts, symbolized by the letter "W".
• Joule's Law: P = I²R ; P = IE ; P = E²/R