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Chemistry- 8
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon can take. Following is a list of the allotropes of carbon, ordered by notability, and extent of industrial use. 1) The most common carbon allotrope is Diamond. 2) Graphite 3) Amorphous carbon 4) Fullerenes 5) Carbon nanotubes 6) Aggregated diamond nanorods 7) Glassy carbon 8) Carbon nanofoam 9) Lonsdaleite 10) Chaoite  Some information about the above allotropes: 1) Diamond is one of the best known allotropes of carbon, whose hardness and high dispersion of light make it useful for industrial applications and jewelry. Diamond is the hardest known natural mineral, making it an excellent abrasive and also means a diamond holds its polish extremely well and retains luster. 2) Graphite (named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789, from the Greek γραφειν: "to draw/write", for its use in pencils) is one of the most common allotropes of carbon. Unlike diamond, graphite is a conductor, and can be used, for instance, as the material in the electrodes of an electrical arc lamp. Graphite holds the distinction of being the most stable form of solid carbon ever discovered. Graphite is able to conduct electricity due to the unpaired fourth electron in each carbon atom. This unpaired 4th electron forms delocalised planes above and below the planes of the carbon atoms. These electrons are free to move, so are able to conduct electricity. However, the electricity is only conducted within the plane of the layers. 3) Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions. 4) The fullerenes are recently-discovered allotropes of carbon named after the scientist and architect Richard Buckminster Fuller, but were discovered in 1985 by a team of scientists from Rice University and the University of Sussex, three of whom were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They are molecules composed entirely of carbon, which take the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are sometimes called buckyballs, while cylindrical fullerenes are called buckytubes or nanotubes. 5) Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications (e.g., nano-electronics, optics, materials applications, etc.). They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized. 6) Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNRs, are an allotrope of carbon believed to be the least compressible material known to humankind, as measured by its isothermal bulk modulus; aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442 GPa. ADNRs are also 0.3% denser than regular diamond. The ADNR material is also harder than type IIa diamond and ultrahard fullerite. 7) Glassy carbon is a class of non-graphitizing carbon which is widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices. It was first produced by workers at the laboratories of The Genera Electric Company, UK, in the early 1960s, using cellulose as the starting material. 8) Carbon nanofoam is the fifth known allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra. It consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web. 9) Lonsdaleite is a hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond, believed to form when meteoric graphite falls to Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice. 10) Chaoite is a mineral believed to have been formed in meteorite impacts. It has been described as slightly harder than graphite with a reflection colour of grey to white. However, the existence of carbyne phases is disputed – see the entry on chaoite for details. MORE! Between diamond and graphite Diamond is hardest mineral known to man (10 on Mohs scale), but graphite is one of the softest (1 - 2 on Mohs scale). Diamond is the ultimate abrasive, but graphite is a very good lubricant. Diamond is an excellent electrical insulator, but graphite is a conductor of electricity. Diamond is usually transparent, but graphite is opaque. Diamond crystallizes in the isometric system but graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal system. Between amorphous carbon and nanotubes Amorphous carbon is among the easiest materials to synthesize, but carbon nanotubes are extremely expensive to make. Amorphous carbon is completely isotropic, but carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials ever produced. References:http://www.nanoscienceworks.org/nanopedia/carbon-allotropes http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/chem20/networks/diamond.html Image: http://images.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Images/CarbonAllotropes.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Book-GlossaryC.html&usg=__w3wXhEddDmMvrfyUPTz8agoELq8=&h=493&w=458&sz=87&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=gsf-uHGLWktWvM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcarbon%2Ballotropes%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den |
